Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in Colombia.

This study examined associations of mothers' and fathers' individualism, collectivism and conformity values with parenting (warmth, rules/limit-setting, knowledge solicitation and expectations regarding children's family obligations) and child internalising and externalising behaviours in Colombia. Mothers, fathers and children (N = 100) from Medellín, Colombia were interviewed when children were, on average, 10 years old. Higher maternal collectivism and conformity values were associated with higher maternal warmth and fewer child externalising problems, whereas higher paternal collectivism was associated with lower maternal warmth and more child externalising problems. Fathers' cultural values also were related to their expectations regarding children's family obligations. The findings suggest differences in how mothers' and fathers' cultural values are related to parenting and child adjustment in Colombia, as well as the need to examine cultural values beyond individualism, collectivism and conformity values.

Plant-Origin Components: New Players to Combat Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes intrahospital complications such as pneumonia, liver abscesses, soft tissue infections, urinary infections, bacteraemia, and, in some cases, death. Since this bacterium has a higher frequency than other Gram-negative pathogens, it has become an important pathogen to the health sector. The adaptative genome of Kpn likely facilitates increased survival of the pathogen in diverse situations. Therefore, several studies have been focused on developing new molecules, synergistic formulations, and biomaterials that make it possible to combat and control infections with and dispersion of this pathogen. Note that the uncontrolled antibiotic administration that occurred during the pandemic led to the emergence of new multidrug-resistant strains, and scientists were challenged to overcome them. This review aims to compile the latest information on Kpn that generates intrahospital infections, specifically their pathogenicity-associated factors. Furthermore, it explains the natural-product-based treatments (extracts and essential oils) developed for Kpn infection and dispersion control.

Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing of Allogeneic Use of Equine Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Wound healing after skin injury is a complex process, particularly in equines where leg wounds are prevalent and their repair is complicated due to the anatomical characteristics. Conventional treatments are not effective enough. The umbilical cord offers an unlimited source of adult mesenchymal stem cells (ucMSCs) from Wharton's jelly tissue. The present study aims to demonstrate the safety and therapeutic potential of the allogeneic use of equine ucMSCs (e-ucMSCs) in the healing of severe equine leg wounds. The methods employed were the isolation, culture and expansion of e-ucMSCs. Flow cytometry and a PCR assay were used for cell characterization. This study included an immunomodulation assay, a murine pre-clinical trial and the first phase of an equine clinical trial. Our results showed that e-ucMSCs express a functional HLA-G homolog, EQMHCB2. In the immunomodulation assay, the e-ucMSCs inhibited the proliferation of activated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (e-PBMCs). In the murine pre-clinical trial, e-ucMSCs reduced healing time by 50%. In the equine clinical trial, the injection of e-ucMSCs into severe leg lesions improved the closure time and quality of the tissues involved, regenerating them without fibrous tissue scar formation. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that e-ucMSCs can be used allogeneically for wound healing by creating a tolerogenic environment.

In vivo biocompatibility testing of nanoparticle-functionalized alginate-chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

Background: There is a strong interest in designing new scaffolds for their potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The incorporation of functionalization molecules can lead to the enhancement of scaffold properties, resulting in variations in scaffold compatibility. Therefore, the efficacy of the therapy could be compromised by the foreign body reaction triggered after implantation. Methods: In this study, the biocompatibilities of three scaffolds made from an alginate-chitosan combination and functionalized with gold nanoparticles (AuNp) and alginate-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNp + Alg) were evaluated in a subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats. Scaffolds and surrounding tissue were collected at 4-, 7- and 25-day postimplantation and processed for histological analysis and quantification of the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, macrophage profile, and proinflammatory (IL-1ß and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines. Results: Histological analysis showed a characteristic foreign body response that resolved 25 days postimplantation. The intensity of the reaction assessed through capsule thickness was similar among groups. Functionalizing the device with AuNp and AuNp + Alg decreased the expression of markers associated with cell death by apoptosis and polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment, suggesting increased compatibility with the host tissue. Similarly, the formation of many foreign body giant cells was prevented. Finally, an increased detection of alpha smooth muscle actin was observed, showing the angiogenic properties of the elaborated scaffolds. Conclusion: Our results show that the proposed scaffolds have improved biocompatibility and exhibit promising potential as biomaterials for elaborating tissue engineering constructs.

Transcriptional Response of Vitellogenin Gene in Flatfish to Environmental Pollutants from Two Regions of the Gulf of Mexico.

The present study evaluates the endocrine effect in flatfish through vitellogenin (vtg) gene expression and its association with pollutants data obtained from fish muscle and sediment from two regions in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM): Perdido Fold Belt (northwestern) and the Yucatan Peninsula (southeast). The results revealed induction of vtg in male flatfish in both geographical regions with different levels and patterns of distribution per oceanographic campaign (OC). In the Perdido Fold Belt, vtg was observed in male fish during four OC (carried out in 2016 and 2017), positively associated with Pb, V, Cd and bile metabolites (hydroxynaphthalene and hydroxyphenanthrene). In the Yucatan Peninsula, the induction of vtg in males was also detected in three OC (carried out in 2016 and 2018) mainly associated with Ni, Pb, Al, Cd, V and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ultimately, estrogenic alterations could affect reproductive capacity of male flatfish in the GoM.

Frequency of respiratory virus-associated infection among children and adolescents from a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico City.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. The causative pathogens show geographic and seasonal variations. We retrospectively evaluated the frequency and seasonality of respiratory pathogens in children and adolescents (age: 0-19 years) with ARIs treated between January 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022, at a single center in Mexico. Out of 2400 patients, 1,603 were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 797 were diagnosed with other common respiratory pathogens (CRPs). Of the 797 patients, 632 were infected with one CRP and 165 with > 2 CRPs. Deaths occurred only in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Rhinovirus/Enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus B, and parainfluenza virus 3 were the most prevalent in cases with single and multiple infections. CRP showed a high frequency between autumn and winter of 2021, with higher incidence of hospitalization compared to COVID-19. The main comorbidities were immunosuppression, cardiovascular disease (CD), and asthma. The frequency of CRPs showed a downward trend throughout the first half of 2021. CRPs increased in single- and co-infection cases between the fourth and fifth waves of COVID-19, probably due to decreased nonpharmaceutical interventions and changes in diagnostic tests. Age, cyanosis (symptom), and immunosuppression (comorbidity) were found to differentiate between SARS-CoV-2 infection and CRP infection.

Immunized mice naturally process in silico-derived peptides from the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND: The nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an excellent immunogen that promotes the production of high-titer antibodies. N protein-derived peptides identified using a bioinformatics approach can potentially be used to develop a new generation of vaccines or diagnostic methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. However, further studies must demonstrate their capacity to be naturally processed by the immune system. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the in vivo processing and recognition of in silico-identified peptides using the serum of immunized animals with the complete protein. METHODS: Recombinant N (Nrec) protein was subcutaneously administered to six Balb/c mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, dot blotting, and immunoprecipitation were performed to evaluate the recognition of the complete protein and in silico-derived peptides. RESULTS: The serum of immunized mice recognized ~ 62.5 ng/µL of Nrec with high specificity to linear and conformational epitopes. Dot blot analysis showed that peptides Npep2 and Npep3 were the most reactive. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm the high immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein and provide evidence on the antigenicity of two peptides located in the N-arm/RNA-binding domain (Npep2) and oligomerization domain/C-tail (Npep3), considered the biologically active site of the N protein.

Technical Implications of the Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay to Elucidate Neuroblastoma Biology.

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) can be used as a valuable research tool to examine tumors. The CAM can be used to investigate processes such as migration, invasion, and angiogenesis and to assess novel antitumor drugs. The CAM can be used to establish tumors in a straightforward, rapid, and cost-effective manner via xenotransplantation of cells or tumor tissues with reproducible results; furthermore, the use of the CAM adheres to the three "R" principle, i.e., replace, reduce, and refine. To achieve successful tumor establishment and survival, several technical aspects should be taken into consideration. The complexity and heterogeneity of diseases including neuroblastoma and cancers in general and their impact on human health highlight the importance of preclinical models that help us describe tumor-specific biological processes. These models will not only help in understanding tumor biology, but also allow clinicians to explore therapeutic alternatives that will improve current treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize the technical characteristics as well as the main findings regarding the use of this model to study neuroblastoma for angiogenesis, metastasis, drug sensitivity, and drug resistance.

Behavior of immunoglobulin G antibodies for SARS-COV-2 in Mexican pediatric patients with comorbidities: a prospective comparative cohort study.

Background: More than two years after the pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) there is a great lack of information. The presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) have been related with disease severity. Patients with comorbidities could develop more severe infection; however, the evaluation of the humoral response in pediatric population are needed especially in patients with comorbidities. Our aim was to describe the behavior of IgG in pediatric patients and to know if there is a difference between patients with comorbidities. Methods: A prospective comparative cohort study was carried out in a single center from June 2020 to January 2021, with a follow-up of 6 months. The study included all the subjects with confirmatory test for SARS-CoV-2 from 1 month to 17 years 11 months, the follow-up of the disease's evolution and measurement of IgG antibodies was collected. We obtained the clinical data, and comorbidities like arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, the initial symptoms were recorded as well as the evolution regarding the severity of COVID-19 and the need for hospitalization, intensive care unit or mechanical ventilation. The follow up was carried out through medical consultation with an appointment every month that included direct interrogation, examination, and peripheral blood collection for the IgG quantification. The antibodies detection was done through peripheral blood and chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Results: A total of 237 patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-COV-2 were included, of which 147 presented IgG antibodies (62%), 112 (76%) without comorbidity and 35 (24%) with comorbidities, by the sixth month only 2.7% continue with positive antibody measurements. Patients with comorbidities reach higher IgG levels than patients without comorbidities the basal titters were: 5.17 for patients without comorbidities vs. 6.96 for the group with comorbidities (P<0.001). Conclusions: We found an association between the presence of comorbidities and high levels of IgG units in pediatric patients with COVID-19. Additionally, patients with more severe course of the disease have higher levels of IgG and by the third month less than 35% have immunity.

[Health related to quality life of patients with hereditary angioedema in Argentina. A multicenter study]. / Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en pacientes con angioedema hereditario de Argentina. Estudio multicéntrico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health relaed quality of life in a cohort of stable adult outpatients with hereditary an-gioedema (HAE) with validated tools. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was performed, carried out in patients with hereditary angioedema, coming from the City of Buenos Aires and its provinces: Corrientes, Chubut, Entre Ríos and Santa Fe. The HAE-QoL and SF-12v2 health questionnaires were applied to assess the related quality of life. with health. RESULTS: 100 patients were included; median age: 41.5 years (range: 18-77); 65% were female, and 79% had type 1 HAE. Asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe cases accounted for 6, 29, 38, and 27% of participants, respectively. Seventeen percent of patients were receiving long-term prophylaxis. Icatibant was the most fre-quent treatment for acute episodes. All health domains SF-12v2 scores were lower than expected in general population, excepting "vitality" and "physical functioning". Total and all specific domains HAE-QoL scores were reduced. Differences between women and men and in every age-defined group were demonstrated for sev-eral specific domains. CONCLUSIONS: Health relaed to quality life was notably reduced in Argentinean patients with HAE, when imple-menting the HAE.QoL, and SF-12v2 questionnaries. The need for multidisciplinary strategies approaching this complex disease is highlighted.

OBJECTIVO: Describir la calidad de vida relacionada con la saluden pacientes adultos, ambulatorios y estables con angioedema hereditario, mediante cuestionarios validados. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional, llevado a cabo en pacientes con angioedema here-ditario, procedentes de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y sus provincias: Corrientes, Chubut, Entre Ríos y Santa Fe. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios HAE-QoL y SF-12v2 para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 100 pacientes, con mediana de edad de 41.5 años (rango: 18-77), principalmente de género femenino (65%). La forma más frecuente de angioedema hereditario fue el tipo 1 (79%). Los casos asintomáticos, leves, moderados y severos representaron el 6, 29, 38 y 27%, respectivamente. El 17% recibía profilaxis a largo plazo. Icatibant fue el tratamiento más prescrito para los episodios agudos de angioedema. Todos los puntajes de los dominios de salud del SF-12v2 fueron menores de lo esperado, excepto "vitalidad" y "funcionamiento físico". Se observó disminución en los puntajes totales y en todos los dominios del HAE-QoL. Se reconocieron diferencias entre las mujeres y los hombres, y para grupo etario en los puntajes de los dominios específicos. CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud disminuyó considerablemente en pacientes argentinos con angioedema hereditario al aplicar los cuestionarios HAE-QoL y SF-12v2. Es importante desarrollar estra-tegias multidisciplinarias para abordar esta enfermedad compleja.

Food-sensitized pediatric patients show colonic cow's milk protein-specific Th2 cells.

Food allergies have become a health concern worldwide. Around 6% to 10% of children are allergic to cow's milk proteins. We have previously characterized colorectal polyps in patients sensitized to food allergens. These polyps are classified as inflammatory and present a type 2 environment, with elevated interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4, and are a site of immunoglobulin E synthesis. In this study, we characterized and isolated cow's milk protein-specific T cell lines and T cell clones from the lamina propria of polyps from patients sensitized to these proteins. Isolated T cells responded to cow's milk proteins similarly to peripheral blood T cells, showing antigen-specific cell proliferation and Th2 cytokines release in vitro. T cell clones obtained were all CD4+ T cells and expressed the membrane TCRαß receptor and secreted higher IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 amounts than unstimulated cells, whereas interferon γ secretion remained unchanged. Remarkably, the gut homing chemokine receptor CCR9 was augmented in cow's milk-specific peripheral and lamina propria T cells, and CCL25 was found to be expressed in the inflammatory polyp tissue and not in the adjacent mucosa. In conclusion, we isolated and characterized cow's milk-specific lamina propria CD4+ Th2 cells from colonic inflammatory polyps. CCR9 expression on these cells, along with increase secretion of CCL25 in the polyp, favors recruitment and cow's milk-specific allergic response within the inflammatory polyp tissue. Our findings may be critical to understand the underlying mechanism that promotes immunoglobulin E synthesis in the colon of cow's milk proteins allergic patients, contributing to the development of novel T cell-targeted immunotherapies.

Normal development of the heart: a review of new findings.

Development and formation of the heart, the central organ of the circulatory system in vertebrates, starts early during embryonic development (second week), reaching maturity during the first few postnatal months. Cardiogenesis is a highly complex process that requires the active and orderly participation of different cardiac and non-cardiac cell populations. Thus, this process is sensitive to errors that may trigger a variety of heart-development defects, called congenital heart defects, which have a worldwide incidence of 8-10/1000 live births. A good understanding of normal cardiogenesis is required for better diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart diseases. This article reviews normal cardiogenesis by comparing information from classic studies with more recent findings. Information from descriptive anatomical studies of histological sections and selective in vivo marking of chicken embryos were emphasized. In addition, the discovery of heart fields has fueled the investigation of cardiogenic events that were believed to be understood and has contributed to proposals for new models of heart development.

El corazón, órgano central del aparato circulatorio de los vertebrados, comienza a formarse muy temprano en el desarrollo embrionario (segunda semana de gestación) y alcanza su forma madura durante los primeros meses posteriores al nacimiento. La cardiogénesis se caracteriza por ser un proceso altamente complejo, dependiente de la participación activa y ordenada de diferentes poblaciones celulares cardiacas y no cardiacas. Lo anterior hace que este proceso sea sensible a errores que pueden desencadenar una variedad de defectos del desarrollo cardiaco, llamados cardiopatías congénitas, con una incidencia mundial de 8 a 10/1000 nacidos vivos. Para mejorar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las cardiopatías congénitas es necesario comprender adecuadamente los eventos implicados en la cardiogénesis normal. En este artículo se revisa el desarrollo cardiaco normal, contrastando la información de los estudios clásicos con la de hallazgos recientes. Se hace hincapié en la información obtenida de los estudios de anatomía descriptiva de cortes histológicos y marcaje selectivo in vivo en embriones de pollo. Adicionalmente, el descubrimiento de los campos cardiogénicos ha estimulado la investigación de eventos cardiogénicos que se creían comprendidos, contribuyendo con propuestas de nuevos modelos del desarrollo del corazón.

Computed tomography-guided Gasserian ganglion interventions for cancer-related facial pain in patients with complex anatomy: insights and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: The Gasserian ganglion is a well-known target for facial pain management, and patients with cancer present an anatomical challenge owing to tumor progression or treatment itself. Computed tomography (CT) is an alternative method for guiding these procedures. METHODS: This was an observational retrospective analysis of patients with cancer-related facial pain who underwent CT-guided Gasserian ganglion interventions using local anesthetics, local anesthetics with steroids, phenol, and radiofrequency. Demographic, clinical, and procedure-related variables were collected from January 1, 2015, to December 30, 2018, at the National Cancer Institute. Data distribution was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A paired sample t-test (with a cut-off of P < 0.05 for statistical significance) was used for comparing outcome. RESULTS: We observed a significant reduction in numerical rating scale (NRS) and douleur neuropathique 4 (DN4) scores from 7.6 ± 1.4 and 4.4 ± 1.4 to 3.2 ± 2.0 and 2.2 ± 1.4 points, respectively (P < 0.001). After the procedure, 70.8% of the patients were satisfied; 16.7% were very satisfied, and 12.5% were unsatisfied. No intra- or postoperative complications were observed. The most common neoplasms were head and neck tumors (83.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that CT guidance is an effective and safe option for managing cancer-related facial pain in patients with complex anatomy, resulting in a significant reduction in pain, high satisfaction rates, and no mechanical complications. Future research should aim to refine the role of CT guidance in multimodal pain management in this population.

HLA-G expression in transitional bladder carcinoma. Relationship with tumor invasion level and patient survival: Experience in a public hospital in Argentina.

Transitional carcinoma (TC) is the most common neoplasm of the bladder (80%). The immune checkpoint (IC) Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) expression has been demonstrated within numerous types of cancer and correlates with the degree of malignancy. This study aims for HLA-G expression in the bladder TC in a public hospital in Argentina linking its malignancy grade with the survival of the patients. We study thirty TC samples, in which we determine the invasion level and the HLA-G expression by immunohistochemistry. From all analyzed cases, 23 correspond to high-grade TC, of whom 91% presented HLA-G immunostaining and 83% compromised the muscularis propria layer of the bladder. Four patients in this group have not exceeded 5 years of survival. This data confirms that HLA-G expression in the bladder TC is associated with greater aggressiveness. Therefore, adding this immunostaining to the immunohistochemical panel used in the routine diagnosis of this neoplasm would be very useful.

In Silico and In Vivo Studies of a Tumor-Penetrating and Interfering Peptide with Antitumoral Effect on Xenograft Models of Breast Cancer.

The combination of a tumor-penetrating peptide (TPP) with a peptide able to interfere with a given protein-protein interaction (IP) is a promising strategy with potential clinical application. Little is known about the impact of fusing a TPP with an IP, both in terms of internalization and functional effect. Here, we analyze these aspects in the context of breast cancer, targeting PP2A/SET interaction, using both in silico and in vivo approaches. Our results support the fact that state-of-the-art deep learning approaches developed for protein-peptide interaction modeling can reliably identify good candidate poses for the IP-TPP in interaction with the Neuropilin-1 receptor. The association of the IP with the TPP does not seem to affect the ability of the TPP to bind to Neuropilin-1. Molecular simulation results suggest that peptide IP-GG-LinTT1 in a cleaved form interacts with Neuropilin-1 in a more stable manner and has a more helical secondary structure than the cleaved IP-GG-iRGD. Surprisingly, in silico investigations also suggest that the non-cleaved TPPs can bind the Neuropilin-1 in a stable manner. The in vivo results using xenografts models show that both bifunctional peptides resulting from the combination of the IP and either LinTT1 or iRGD are effective against tumoral growth. The peptide iRGD-IP shows the highest stability to serum proteases degradation while having the same antitumoral effect as Lin TT1-IP, which is more sensitive to proteases degradation. Our results support the development of the TPP-IP strategy as therapeutic peptides against cancer.

Normal development of the heart: a review of new findings / Desarrollo normal del corazón: revisión de nuevos hallazgos

Abstract Development and formation of the heart, the central organ of the circulatory system in vertebrates, starts early during embryonic development (second week), reaching maturity during the first few postnatal months. Cardiogenesis is a highly complex process that requires the active and orderly participation of different cardiac and non-cardiac cell populations. Thus, this process is sensitive to errors that may trigger a variety of heart-development defects, called congenital heart defects, which have a worldwide incidence of 8-10/1000 live births. A good understanding of normal cardiogenesis is required for better diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart diseases. This article reviews normal cardiogenesis by comparing information from classic studies with more recent findings. Information from descriptive anatomical studies of histological sections and selective in vivo marking of chicken embryos were emphasized. In addition, the discovery of heart fields has fueled the investigation of cardiogenic events that were believed to be understood and has contributed to proposals for new models of heart development.

Resumen El corazón, órgano central del aparato circulatorio de los vertebrados, comienza a formarse muy temprano en el desarrollo embrionario (segunda semana de gestación) y alcanza su forma madura durante los primeros meses posteriores al nacimiento. La cardiogénesis se caracteriza por ser un proceso altamente complejo, dependiente de la participación activa y ordenada de diferentes poblaciones celulares cardiacas y no cardiacas. Lo anterior hace que este proceso sea sensible a errores que pueden desencadenar una variedad de defectos del desarrollo cardiaco, llamados cardiopatías congénitas, con una incidencia mundial de 8 a 10/1000 nacidos vivos. Para mejorar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las cardiopatías congénitas es necesario comprender adecuadamente los eventos implicados en la cardiogénesis normal. En este artículo se revisa el desarrollo cardiaco normal, contrastando la información de los estudios clásicos con la de hallazgos recientes. Se hace hincapié en la información obtenida de los estudios de anatomía descriptiva de cortes histológicos y marcaje selectivo in vivo en embriones de pollo. Adicionalmente, el descubrimiento de los campos cardiogénicos ha estimulado la investigación de eventos cardiogénicos que se creían comprendidos, contribuyendo con propuestas de nuevos modelos del desarrollo del corazón.

Rinitis alérgica en pediatría: recomendaciones para su diagnóstico y tratamiento / Allergic rhinitis in pediatrics: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment

La rinitis alérgica (RA) es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes de la infancia. Sin embargo, permanece subdiagnosticada y subtratada. Su prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años y varía del 2 % al 25 %. Los síntomas de la RA incluyen estornudos, prurito, rinorrea y congestión nasal. Un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de la RA y sus comorbilidades, tales como rinosinusitis con o sin poliposis nasal, conjuntivitis, otitis media, asma bronquial e infecciones del tracto respiratorio, son importantes para reducir el impacto negativo en la afectación de la calidad de vida del paciente y sus familiares, y los gastos sanitarios que ocasiona. La inmunoterapia alérgeno específica, en pacientes correctamente seleccionados, previene nuevas sensibilizaciones y reduce la hiperreactividad bronquial asociada a la RA. Considerando todos estos factores, el Comité Nacional de Alergia de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría propone recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia actual.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. However, it remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Its prevalence has increased in recent years and varies from 2 to 25 %. Symptoms include sneezing, itching, runny nose, and nasal congestion. A correct diagnosis and treatment of AR and its comorbidities such as rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, bronchial asthma and respiratory tract infections, are important to reduce the negative impact on the quality of life of the patient and their relatives, and in medical costs. Specific allergen immunotherapy, in correctly selected patients, prevents new sensitizations and reduces bronchial hyperreactivity associated with AR. Taking into account all these reasons, the National Allergy Committee of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría proposes current evidence based recommendations